Expresión clínica de la COVID-19 en pediatría de atención primaria: estudio COVIDPAP / COVID-19 clinical features in primary care: COVIDPAP study

Objetivos: En España, las pruebas diagnósticas de COVID-19 en atención primaria estuvieron disponibles desde mayo de 2020. Previamente la mayoría de los estudios describían pacientes hospitalarios: la fiebre y la tos eran los síntomas más frecuentes. Interesaba conocer la expresión clínica de la COVID-19 pediátrica en la comunidad. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo analítico observacional de casos pediátricos (0-14 años) de 255 pediatras de atención primaria españoles, del 12/5/2020 al 30/4/2021. Los diagnósticos se determinaron por PCR, test rápido de detección de antígeno o serología IgG positiva. Resultados: Se incluyeron 10.021 niños, 48,4% mujeres, con una edad media de 8,04±4,17 años. Se detectó la infección por búsqueda de contactos (70,9%) o síntomas compatibles (18,8%). El hogar familiar fue la principal fuente de contagio (64,9%), seguido por los colegios (10%) o de origen desconocido (9,9%). No hubo diferencias significativas en la incidencia entre temporadas vacacionales o lectivas. El 43,2% fueron asintomáticos. Los síntomas más frecuentemente encontrados fueron rinorrea en menores de 2 años, fiebre entre 3 y 8 años y cefalea en mayores de 9 años. Se describen exhaustivamente los síntomas y signos observados por edad. Se hospitalizaron a 8 pacientes, uno con un síndrome inflamatorio multisistémico. No hubo fallecimientos. Conclusiones: La COVID-19 es una enfermedad leve con un gran número de casos asintomáticos, con pocas hospitalizaciones y fallecimientos. El lugar principal de transmisión es el domicilio y el cierre de colegios debería ser el último recurso para controlar la pandemia. No se pudo describir un cuadro clínico característico de la enfermedad. (AU)

Objectives: In Spain, the tools to diagnose COVID-19 were available in primary care from May 2020. Previously most studies described inpatients, and fever and cough were the most frequent symptoms. This study aims to define the clinical picture of the pediatric COVID-19 in the community. Methods: A descriptive and analytical observational study was performed including pediatric cases (0-14y) from 255 pediatricians, proportionally distributed to its population, from primary health centers in Spain, from 12th May 2020 to 30th April 2021. Diagnostics were made by PCR detection of viral RNA, rapid antigen detection test or positive IgG serology. Results: There were 10,021 positive children included, 48.4% women, mean age 8,04±4.17 years. Infection was detected due to contact tracing (70.9%), compatible symptoms (18.8%). Household was the main source of transmission (64.9%), followed by school setting (10%) or unknown (9.9%). We did not find any significant differences in the incidence between holidays and school terms. 43.2% of the children were asymptomatic. Most frequent symptoms are rhinorrhea in <2y, fever in 3-8y and headache in >9y. An exhaustive description of objective and subjective symptoms by age is made. 18 patients were hospitalized, one with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. There were no deaths. Conclusions: Pediatric COVID-19 is a mild disease, with a large number of asymptomatic cases, with very few hospital admissions and deaths. The main setting for transmission is the household, and school closures should be a last resource measure during the COVID-19 pandemic. A specific clinical picture of pediatric COVID-19 was not found. (AU)

COVID-19 clinical features in primary care: COVIDPAP study.

OBJECTIVES: In Spain, the tools to diagnose COVID-19 were available in primary care from May 2020. Previously most studies described inpatients or patients in A&E departments, and fever and cough were the most frequent symptoms. This study aims to define the clinical picture of the pediatric COVID-19 in the community. METHODS: A descriptive and analytical observational study was performed including pediatric cases (0-14years) from 255 pediatricians, proportionally distributed to its population, from primary health centers in Spain, from 12th May 2020 to 30th April 2021. Diagnostics were made by PCR detection of viral RNA, rapid antigen detection test or positive IgG serology. RESULTS: There were 10,021 positive children included, 48.4% women, mean age 8,04±4.17years. Infection was detected due to contact tracing (70.9%), compatible symptoms (18.8%). Household was the main source of transmission (64.9%), followed by school setting (10%) or unknown (9.9%). We did not find any significant differences in the incidence between holidays and school terms. 43.2% of the children were asymptomatic. Most frequent symptoms are rhinorrhea in <2years, fever in 3-8years and headache in >9years. An exhaustive description of objective and subjective symptoms by age is made. 18 patients were hospitalized, one with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. There were no deaths. CONCLUSIONS: pediatric COVID-19 is a mild disease, with a large number of asymptomatic cases, with very few hospital admissions and deaths. The main setting for transmission is the household, and school closures should be a last resource measure during the COVID-19 pandemic. A specific clinical picture of pediatric COVID-19 was not found.

[COVID-19 clinical features in primary care: COVIDPAP study]. / Expresión clínica de la COVID-19 en pediatría de atención primaria: estudio COVIDPAP.

Objectives: In Spain, the tools to diagnose COVID-19 were available in primary care from May 2020. Previously most studies described inpatients, and fever and cough were the most frequent symptoms. This study aims to define the clinical picture of the pediatric COVID-19 in the community. Methods: A descriptive and analytical observational study was performed including pediatric cases (0-14y) from 255 pediatricians, proportionally distributed to its population, from primary health centers in Spain, from 12th May 2020 to 30th April 2021. Diagnostics were made by PCR detection of viral RNA, rapid antigen detection test or positive IgG serology. Results: There were 10,021 positive children included, 48.4% women, mean age 8,04 ± 4.17 years. Infection was detected due to contact tracing (70.9%), compatible symptoms (18.8%). Household was the main source of transmission (64.9%), followed by school setting (10%) or unknown (9.9%). We did not find any significant differences in the incidence between holidays and school terms. 43.2% of the children were asymptomatic. Most frequent symptoms are rhinorrhea in < 2 y, fever in 3-8 y and headache in > 9 y. An exhaustive description of objective and subjective symptoms by age is made. 18 patients were hospitalized, one with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. There were no deaths. Conclusions: Pediatric COVID-19 is a mild disease, with a large number of asymptomatic cases, with very few hospital admissions and deaths. The main setting for transmission is the household, and school closures should be a last resource measure during the COVID-19 pandemic. A specific clinical picture of pediatric COVID-19 was not found.

Translation to Spanish and validation of a scale for the observation of breastfeeding: The Bristol Breastfeeding Assessment Tool.

INTRODUCTION: The observation of a feeding by a professional is important to strengthen breastfeeding. The Bristol Breastfeeding Assessment Tool (BBAT) was translated into Spanish and validated. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Translation and back-translation of the original scale was done. Six pediatricians and six pediatric nurses collaborated. At the newborn's first visit, a feeding was observed and the pediatrician and nurse scored the BBAT scale independently. The nurse also scored the LATCH Breastfeeding Assessment (LATCH) and each mother filled out the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale (BSES-SF). Mothers were appointed a week later and the nurse re-scored the BBAT. RESULTS: A total of 62 mothers participated. There was good internal consisitency for the BBAT (Cronbach's alpha = 0.83 in the assessment made by the nurses and Cronbach's alpha = 0.79 in the assessment made by the pediatricians). Inter-rater consistency showed an intra-class correlation coefficient of 0.91, while for the test-retest was 0.67. Concurrent validity with the BSES-SF scale was good and with the LATCH scale very good. The factor analysis showed the one-dimensional character of the scale and a good homogeneity of the 4 items (positioning = 0.771, attachment = 0.852, sucking = 0.856 and swallowing = 0.679). CONCLUSIONS: The scale obtained in Spanish shows good reliability and validity. The BBAT is an easy-to-use tool that allows breastfeeding assessment and determines the aspects that need to be improved.

Capacidad predictiva para la lactancia y determinación del mejor punto de corte de la escala BSES-SF / Predictive capacity for breastfeeding and determination of the best cut-off point for the breastfeeding self-efficacy scale-short form

Introducción: El instrumento utilizado habitualmente para valorar la autoeficacia de la lactancia materna (LM) es la breastfeeding self-efficacy scale-short form (BSES-SF). Este estudio valora la relación entre la puntuación de la BSES-SF y el riesgo de abandono de la lactancia. También se determina el punto de corte en la puntuación de la escala que optimiza la detección de este riesgo desde la atención primaria. Métodos: Análisis secundario de datos del estudio Lactancia y Desarrollo Infantil (LAyDI). Ensayo de cohorte única realizado a través de la red de investigación de pediatras de atención primaria (PAPenRed). Cada especialista reclutó un recién nacido cada mes durante un año. Se siguió la cohorte durante 24 meses. Las madres respondieron la BSES-SF en la primera visita. Se recogieron datos generales de el embarazo y el parto y se valoró la LM (suplementada o exclusiva) hasta los seis meses. Resultados: n = 1.845. El área bajo la curva ROC para la LM exclusiva fue al primer mes de 0,79 (0,77 a 0,82) y al segundo mes de 0,760 (0,734 a 0,786). Para los cuatro y seis meses, así como para cualquier edad en las madres que dan LM suplementada, el área bajo la curva fue menor de 0,75 y su capacidad predictiva no se consideró adecuada. Para una sensibilidad del 80% en la detección de las mujeres en riesgo de abandono de la lactancia, la puntuación de corte fue 58. Conclusiones: Las madres que en atención primaria presenten una puntuación en la BSES-SF por debajo de 58 tienen riesgo de abandono de la LM exclusiva antes de los dos meses.(AU)

Introduction: The most widely used tool for assessing breastfeeding self-efficacy is the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form (BSES-SF). This study asses the relationship between the BSES-SF score and the risk of breastfeeding (BF) cessation and determine the cut-off point in the scale score that optimizes detection of this risk in primary health care pediatric consultations. Methods: Secondary data analysis of the LAyDI study. It is a cohort study. It was carried out through a research network of primary care pediatricians (PAPenRed). A newborn was recruited every month for one year by 210 pediatricians. The cohort was followed for 24 months. Mothers responded to the BSES-SF at the first visit. General pregnancy and delivery data were collected and assessed to determine whether breastfeeding was exclusive or supplemented during the first six months. Results: n = 1,845. The area under the ROC curve for the exclusive BF was 0.790 (0.765-0.815) the first month and 0.760 (0.734-0.786) the second month. For four and six months, as well as for any age in mothers who give supplemented BF, the Area Under the Curve was less than 0.75 and its predictive capacity was not considered to be good. For a sensitivity of 80% in detecting mothers at risk of BF cessation with the BSES-SF, the cut-off score was 58. Conclusions: Mothers with a BSES-SF score below 58 points in primary health care, are at risk of early withdrawal of exclusive BF within two months.(AU)

Predictive capacity for breastfeeding and determination of the best cut-off point for the breastfeeding self-efficacy scale-short form.

INTRODUCTION: The most widely used tool for assessing breastfeeding self-efficacy is the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form (BSES-SF). This study assesses the relationship between the BSES-SF score and the risk of breastfeeding (BF) cessation and determines the cut-off point in the scale score that optimizes detection of this risk in primary health care pediatric consultations. METHODS: Secondary data analysis of the LAyDI study. Cohort study carried out through a research network of primary care pediatricians (PAPenRed). A newborn was recruited every month for one year by 210 pediatricians. The cohort was followed for 24 months. Mothers responded to the BSES-SF at the first visit. General pregnancy and delivery data were collected and assessed to determine whether breastfeeding was exclusive or supplemented during the first 6 months. RESULTS: N = 1845. The Area Under the ROC Curve for the exclusive BF was 0.790 (0.765-0.815) the first month and 0.760 (0.734-0.786) the second month. For 4 and 6 months, as well as for any age in mothers who give supplemented BF, the Area Under the Curve was less than 0.75 and its predictive capacity was not considered to be good. For a sensitivity of 80% in detecting mothers at risk of BF cessation with the BSES-SF, the cut-off score was 58. CONCLUSIONS: Mothers with a BSES-SF score below 58 points in primary health care, are at risk of early withdrawal of exclusive BF within two months.

[Translation to Spanish and validation of a scale for the observation of breastfeeding: The Bristol Breastfeeding Assessment Tool]. / Traducción al español y validación de una escala para la observación de una toma de lactancia materna: la «Bristol Breastfeeding Assessment Tool¼.

INTRODUCTION: The observation of a feeding by a professional is important to strengthen breastfeeding. The Bristol Breastfeeding Assessment Tool (BBAT) was translated into Spanish and validated. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Translation and back-translation of the original scale was done. Six pediatricians and six pediatric nurses collaborated. At the newborn's first visit, a feeding was observed and the pediatrician and nurse scored the BBAT scale independently. The nurse also scored the LATCH Breastfeeding Assessment (LATCH) and each mother filled out the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale (BSES-SF). Mothers were appointed a week later and the nurse re-scored the BBAT. RESULTS: A total of 62 mothers participated. There was good internal consistency for the BBAT (Cronbach's alpha = 0.83 in the assessment made by the nurses and Cronbach's alpha = 0.79 in the assessment made by the pediatricians). Inter-rater consistency showed an intra-class correlation coefficient of 0.91, while for the test-retest was 0.67. Concurrent validity with the BSES-SF scale was good and with the LATCH scale very good. The factor analysis showed the one-dimensional character of the scale and a good homogeneity of the 4 items (positioning = 0.771, attachment = 0.852, sucking = 0.856 and swallowing = 0.679). CONCLUSIONS: The scale obtained in Spanish shows good reliability and validity. The BBAT is an easy-to-use tool that allows breastfeeding assessment and determines the aspects that need to be improved.

Consumo de productos ultraprocesados y enfermedades respiratorias sibilantes en niños. Proyecto SENDO / Consumption of ultra-processed products and wheezing respiratory diseases in children: The SENDO project

Introducción: El consumo de productos ultraprocesados (UP) se relaciona con múltiples enfermedades en el adulto, como hipertensión arterial, diabetes o asma.Objetivo: estudiar si el consumo de UP en niños se asocia con enfermedades respiratorias sibilantes (asma o bronquitis/sibilancias de repetición).Material y métodos: Estudio transversal dentro del proyecto SEguimiento del Niño para un Desarrollo Óptimo (SENDO), una cohorte abierta, multidisciplinar y multipropósito de niños españoles. El consumo de UP se calculó mediante cuestionarios semicuantitativos de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos. Los alimentos se agruparon según la clasificación NOVA y se estimó el consumo diario y el porcentaje de kilocalorías procedentes de UP. Dividimos la exposición en «alto» y «bajo» a partir de la mediana de consumo. Se calcularon las odds ratio y los intervalos de confianza al 95% para las enfermedades respiratorias sibilantes asociadas al consumo alto de UP, usando como referencia el bajo consumo. Se calcularon estimadores brutos y multiajustados y se utilizaron modelos de regresión mixtos para tener en cuenta la correlación entre hermanos.Resultados: En los 513 niños estudiados (51,8% varones, edad media de 5,2 años), el consumo medio de UP fue de 446,76g/día, representando un 39,9% de la ingesta calórica total. Un alto consumo de UP se asoció a un incremento del 87% de la prevalencia de enfermedades respiratorias sibilantes (OR 1,87; IC 95% 1,01-3,45). Encontramos que un mayor consumo de UP multiplica por 2,12 (IC 95% 1,10-4,05) la prevalencia de bronquitis/sibilancias de repetición.Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados muestran una asociación directa entre el consumo de UP y la prevalencia de enfermedades sibilantes en niños. (AU)

Introduction: The consumption of ultra-processed products (UP) is associated with many diseases in the adult, such as arterial hypertension, diabetes, or asthma.Objective: To determine whether the consumption of UP in children is associated with wheezing respiratory diseases (asthma or bronchitis/recurrent wheezing).Material and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted within the Follow-up of the Child for Optimal Development ?SENDO? project (an open, multidisciplinary and multiple outcome study of Spanish children). The consumption of UP was calculated using semi-quantitative questionnaires on the frequency of food consumption. The foods were grouped according the NOVA classification, and the daily consumption was estimated along with the percentage of kilocalories from the UP. The exposure was grouped into “high” and “low” from the median consumption. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for wheezing respiratory diseases associated with the high consumption UP, using low consumption as a reference. Crude and multi-adjusted estimators were calculated, and mixed regression models were used to take into account the correlation between siblings.Results: In the 513 children studied (51.8% males, mean age 5.2 years), the mean consumption of UP was 446.76g/day, representing 39.9% of the total calories ingested. A high consumption of UP was associated with an increase of 87% in the prevalence of wheezing respiratory diseases (OR 1.87; 95% CI 1.01-3.45). It was found that a higher consumption of UP multiplied by 2.12 (95% CI 1.10-4.05) the prevalence of bronchitis/recurrent wheezing.Conclusions: The results of this study show a direct relationship between UP consumption and the prevalence of wheezing diseases in children. (AU)

Lactancia materna y caries dental infantil: ¿tienen alguna relación? / Breastfeeding and early childhood caries: are they associated?

Introducción: existe controversia sobre si la lactancia materna (LM) prolongada puede ser un factor de riesgo de caries. La LM se recomienda hasta al menos los dos años y tiene demostrados beneficios sobre la salud, incluida la bucodental. Repasamos la evidencia científica y presentamos los resultados de nuestra cohorte. Métodos: cohorte prospectiva, abierta y multipropósito de niños de 4-5 años, cuyos padres responden a cuestionarios autorreferidos acerca de hábitos nutricionales y estilo de vida. Análisis retrospectivo de prevalencia de caries según duración de LM. Ajustamos por edad, sexo, raza, conocimientos nutricionales y actitudes dietéticas de los padres, adhesión a la dieta mediterránea, ingesta energética total y de azúcar. Resultados: se alcanzó un tamaño muestral de 370 participantes, 50 de los cuales había tenido, al menos una caries. La LM hasta los 12 meses se asociaba con un menor riesgo de caries, pero la LM de más de 12 meses se asociaba con un riesgo mayor (odds ratio [OR]: 2,75; intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC 95]: 1,397 a 5,44; p = 0,003). La ingesta energética total o la de azúcar no resultaron ser confusores importantes para la asociación estudiada. La adhesión a dieta mediterránea puede tener un efecto protector, hace falta más investigación al respecto. Conclusiones: existe una asociación directa estadísticamente significativa entre la LM de más de 12 meses y el riesgo de caries. Sin embargo, la LM hasta los 12 meses es un factor protector. Los resultados obtenidos son consistentes con la literatura médica existente (AU)

Introduction and objectives: there is debate whether prolonged breastfeeding is a risk factor for caries. Breastfeeding, recommended for at least two years, has been associated with several benefits, including in oral health. We reviewed the literature on the subject, and present the results observed in the cohort under study.Methods: study conducted in a prospective, open-enrolment and multipurpose cohort of children aged 4-5 years, whose parents completed a self-administered questionnaire regarding diet and lifestyle habits. We performed a retrospective analysis of the prevalence of caries based on the duration of breastfeeding. We adjusted the analysis by age, sex, race, parental knowledge and attitudes, total energy and sugar intake and adherence to the Mediterranean diet.Results: the sample included 370 children, of who 50 had developed caries. Breastfeeding up to 12 months was associated with a lower risk of caries, but breastfeeding longer than 12 months was associated with an increased risk (OR 2.75; 95 IC: 1.397 - 5.44; p = 0.003). The total energy and sugar intakes were not significant confounders in the association under study. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet may have a protective effect, but more research is needed to confirm it.Conclusions: we found a significant direct association between breastfeeding for more than 12 months and the prevalence of caries. However, breastfeeding for less than 12 months had a protective effect. Our findings were consistent with the previous litera ture. (AU)

Consumption of ultra-processed products and wheezing respiratory diseases in children: The SENDO project.

INTRODUCTION: The consumption of ultra-processed products (UP) is associated with many diseases in the adult, such as arterial hypertension, diabetes, or asthma. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the consumption of UP in children is associated with wheezing respiratory diseases (asthma or bronchitis/recurrent wheezing). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted within the Follow-up of the Child for Optimal Development (SENDO) project (an open, multidisciplinary and multiple outcome study of Spanish children). The consumption of UP was calculated using semi-quantitative questionnaires on the frequency of food consumption. The foods were grouped according to the NOVA classification, and the daily consumption was estimated along with the percentage of Kilocalories from the UP. The exposure was grouped into "high" and "low" from the median consumption. Odds Ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for wheezing respiratory diseases associated with the high consumption UP, using low consumption as a reference. Crude and multi-adjusted estimators were calculated, and mixed regression models were used to take into account the correlation between siblings. RESULTS: In the 513 children studied (51.8% males, mean age 5.2 years), the mean consumption of UP was 446.76 g/day, representing 39.9% of the total calories ingested. A high consumption of UP was associated with an increase of 87% in the prevalence of wheezing respiratory diseases (OR: 1.87, 95% CI: 1.01-3.45). It was found that a higher consumption of UP multiplied by 2.12 (95% CI: 1.10-4.05) the prevalence of bronchitis/recurrent wheezing. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study show a direct relationship between UP consumption and the prevalence of wheezing diseases in children.

[Predictive capacity for breastfeeding and determination of the best cut-off point for the breastfeeding self-efficacy scale-short form]. / Capacidad predictiva para la lactancia y determinación del mejor punto de corte de la escala BSES-SF.

INTRODUCTION: The most widely used tool for assessing breastfeeding self-efficacy is the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form (BSES-SF). This study asses the relationship between the BSES-SF score and the risk of breastfeeding (BF) cessation and determine the cut-off point in the scale score that optimizes detection of this risk in primary health care pediatric consultations. METHODS: Secondary data analysis of the LAyDI study. It is a cohort study. It was carried out through a research network of primary care pediatricians (PAPenRed). A newborn was recruited every month for one year by 210 pediatricians. The cohort was followed for 24 months. Mothers responded to the BSES-SF at the first visit. General pregnancy and delivery data were collected and assessed to determine whether breastfeeding was exclusive or supplemented during the first six months. RESULTS: n = 1,845. The area under the ROC curve for the exclusive BF was 0.790 (0.765-0.815) the first month and 0.760 (0.734-0.786) the second month. For four and six months, as well as for any age in mothers who give supplemented BF, the Area Under the Curve was less than 0.75 and its predictive capacity was not considered to be good. For a sensitivity of 80% in detecting mothers at risk of BF cessation with the BSES-SF, the cut-off score was 58. CONCLUSIONS: Mothers with a BSES-SF score below 58 points in primary health care, are at risk of early withdrawal of exclusive BF within two months.

¿Por qué la representatividad de la muestra no siempre es importante? / Why is the representativeness of the sample not always important?

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